#033: Does Divorce Damage Children? 67 Studies Answer
Is divorce damaging for the children? There’s a lot of misinformation around that question.
In this episode, we dispel the myths by breaking down a study. That study summarizes the results of 67 studies about children of divorce. Don’t worry, we make it simple. By listening, you’ll hear:
The insane number of children of divorce in the world (hint: It is mindblowing)
Statistics and talking points to use in conversations about divorce
Understand the negative effects that most children of divorce suffer
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Study: Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis.
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TRANSCRIPT
Transcript produced by artificial intelligence. Please pardon any errors!
So I'm on Instagram. And I see this post that basically says that divorce is not damaging for the children, which is actually quite a popular belief. And so I felt the need to, to speak up, to say something. And this was posted by someone who calls himself, basically a divorce coach, someone who, who helps people who are going through a divorce, kind of get through it.
They coach 'em, they, they mentor them. And I'm not gonna say the name of the account because I want to protect their privacy, but they have 4,000 followers. And so they're reaching a lot of people. And so I felt the need to speak up. So before I let you know what I said, I wanna tell you what they said.
They said, we need to bust the myth that kids are damaged by divorce. It's just not true. And it's also kind of harmful to the kids who come from divorce homes. I know it seems hard to imagine tearing your kids world apart, but I promise you, kids of divorce are not less or lacking in any way. I know because my kid is one and she's awesome.
Honest. So I commented. And in my comment, I tried to be very diplomatic and kind, uh, you know, sharing the truth with love. And here's what I said. I said, totally respect your opinion. And I agree that children can thrive if parents love them through it. That's huge. Glad you're bringing attention to that without judging your situation at all.
I have to say that my parents' divorce damaged me and I work with young people who say the. All the time, but they're afraid to speak up because they care about their parents and don't wanna hurt them. Their words. I know that was my experience too. I love my parents and never want to hurt them. Turning to science.
The research shows the issue is more nuance. There are absolutely cases. Where separation and even divorce are necessary. Abuse, violence, threat of death, et cetera. But statistically, the majority of divorces are not like that. And to say divorce is not damaging to children flies in the face of the scientific evidence we've seen.
And the stories we've heard. Check out research from Paul Lamato from Penn state and Dr. Judith Wallerstein from UC. Be. I say this, not to judge or shame parents who've been divorced, but to bring attention to a huge group of people that have been insanely neglect. You can't heal a patient until you first understand the wound are kids screwed, no coping healing and even thriving are absolutely possible.
In fact, parents play a huge role in helping us heal and feel loved. So it's important. They understand us, which is the purpose of this comment. Thanks for hearing me out, trying to give people like me a voice, increased understanding and build stronger relationships between children. And parents wish you all the best.
And so protecting the identity of the person who, who posted that. Uh, I shared that on resort's Instagram story and a friend of mine, uh, and I had a little bit of a discussion about it. She said that her parents' marriage was just so talked in such an extreme situation that the marriage itself, not just the divorce was damaging to her, which I totally agree with.
And, uh, I know her family's story. It was. Such a horrible, bad high conflict situation. And so I made this clarification in our Instagram story. I said, uh, PS, thanks to a wise friend who made an excellent point that led to the clarification below the divorce is not a random isolated event that came out of nowhere and went off like an Adam bomb.
It's typically the final blow in a long chain of events that have been building up for years. I know that was true in my parents' case. Another way to put it. The divorce itself is certainly traumatic, especially when it comes out of the blue and low conflict marriages. In fact, the research suggests that's when the divorce itself is most traumatic, but in cases of high conflict marriages where there's abuse, violence, UN repented, uh, infidelity, et cetera, what's usually most traumatic is everything that.
To it, in that case, the separation or divorce is a necessary evil. Now the ideal is to heal the marriage, fix the reasons for the divorce of the separation, reunite the spouses, bring the family, the children back together, but often people don't change and that's not possible sadly like the amputation of an.
Divorce is never a good thing in itself, but sometimes a necessary thing because it's the better of two bad options. And so if you've heard me talk about this before, uh, you, you know, our stance on this, uh, I will talk about a little bit more in this episode, but I just wanna clarify that, you know, sometimes it is necessary for parents to separate.
Sometimes that's the path to healing the marriage. Uh, in extreme cases, it's even necessary for them to get a divorce, but typically. Most marriages can work through it. And as a culture, we're encouraging people to get divorce, basically as the first solution to problems in marriage. And I know there's situations again, where things are just really horrible.
There's abuse, there's violence, there's things like that, where the spouses and the children need to get away. And we're not talking about those situations, but in cases where, uh, the parents, the spouses could work, it. But they choose not to, or maybe one chooses not to when the other one does want to. So again, we'll be creating more content around this.
You've heard me talk about it before, and I'll talk about it a little bit more in this episode, but just wanted to clarify that so that Instagram post made me think that man, there's so much misunderstanding around this issue. So we wanted to dive into some of the research, some of the scientific research.
On the impact that divorce has on the children. And so in this episode, we're gonna break down just a single study that actually summarizes the findings of 67. Different studies on children of divorce. And so by listening to this episode, you're gonna get a quick review of that study. You're not gonna have to buy it.
You're not gonna have to read it. Uh, we'll save you guys time. We'll just give you the highlights of the study and we'll make it simple to understand because. Honestly, reading these, uh, psychological studies reading this research can be kind of, uh, time consuming and confusing at times, but, uh, we're gonna make it easy to understand.
We're gonna put it into plain English as much as possible. We'll also give you some statistics that you can use in conversations, some talking points, uh, that you can share with people who maybe aren't aware, uh, of the impact that divorce has on the children. And just a huge benefit to, to everyone listening.
And really the reason why we wanted to do this is that we wanna make people aware. Children have divorced as a whole have been hugely neglected. They've dealt with the negative effects of their parents' divorce separation, often alone, often in silence. And so the first part of the solution there's a lot that needs to be done, but the first part of the solution is awareness, both for them and the world at large.
And so that's what this episode is about. So keep listening.
Welcome to the Restored podcast, helping you heal and grow from the trauma of your parents' divorce or separation. So you can feel whole again. I'm your host. Joey Pontarelli. Thank you so much for listening. This is episode 33. And before we get into the main content, I just wanna give a quick shout out to someone who left a review on apple podcast for the show.
They didn't put their name. It's just anonymous. And they said this, they said been looking for a podcast like this. Finally found one that has helped me more than you'll ever know. Thank. I love that. Thank you so much for whoever you are anonymous for leaving that comment. Thank you for listening to the show.
I'm so glad that it's been helpful. Restore exists for you. Restore exists for you. It, it has since the beginning and it always will and everything we do, we wanna help you cope. We wanna help you heal. We wanna help you grow from the trauma that you've been through. In your family, so you can just live life to the fullest so you can thrive that you can feel whole again.
And so thank you so much for listening. Thank you for leaving, uh, that review so that we know how we're doing. And I wanted to ask you, would you leave us a review as well? If you listen on apple podcast, it's really, uh, easy to do. And some of the benefits, one, it helps us know how we're doing. To serve you guys, but it also gives us more visibility on apple podcasts so we can reach more people so we can help more young people.
And like I said, it's really easy to do. It's just three steps. So open up the apple podcast app and just find the restored podcast. The, the full name of the podcast is restored helping children of divorce. And you may already be, uh, in apple podcasts now. So obviously really easy to find, and then just scroll down to ratings and reviews.
Now in that section, there's two ways to rate the show. One is through a star rating where you just tap to rate you click on, uh, the stars that the second type is click to write a review. So that's what really helps us when people write an actual review, not just do the star ratings. So that it doesn't need to be long.
It really can take 60 to 90 seconds to do this. Uh, but we'd really, really appreciate that. The feedback we appreciate to know how we're doing to serve you. And if you need like a, a question to respond to in your review, uh, you can answer this. How has this show helped you? How has this show helped you?
And so we really appreciate it. Please leave a review for us today. All right. Now let's dive into this study. So the name of this study is called children of divorce in the 1990s, an update of the Amato Keith 1991, meta analysis. Now, if you're not familiar with a meta-analysis study, basically it means when researchers, instead of conducting their own studies, their own research on participants, they just summarize the findings of other studies that have already been conducted.
So it's kinda like a summary study bringing everything together. And in this particular study, Paloma looked at 67 studies from the. Nineties about children of divorce. And what they did basically was they compared two groups. The first group was children with continuously married parents. The parents have never been divorced.
The second group was children with divorced parents. And what they found just to give you a little preview is that children with divorce parents continue to score significantly lower on measures in five areas, one academic achievement, two conduct. Three psychological adjustment. Four self-concept. Five social relations, and I'm gonna get into each of those.
I'll explain what they mean and what they were measuring. And so on in the show, now, this study was published in the journal of family psychology in 2001, and it was published by professor Paul Lamato from Penn state university. He's a sociologist, a, a professor and a researcher and fun fact. Actually, my wife went to Penn state university.
So he, uh, I believe he's still teaching there. He's still researching there and he's really an authority. On the research about children of divorce. He's an authority on this topic and, uh, he's well respected in the academic world. In fact, one of his, uh, studies has been quoted more than 250 times in scientific papers, specifically a study about children of divorce.
So diving into the, the research, the first thing he starts with is he says, why should we be studying this in the first place? And he says that interest in the effects of divorce on children. Remains strong among researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. And by practitioners, he basically means counselors, therapists, people who help children from broken homes.
Now why so much interest basically because the high divorce rate, according to another study published in 2000, the divorce rate for first marriages that started in the 1990s was 40 to 50%. It's really difficult by the way, to, to get a precise measurement. Of the divorce rate, but F 40 to 50% is what they said.
So basically one out of every two marriages ended in divorce that started in the 1990s. It's obviously insane and really sad. Another reason to, to study this topic is just the sheer number, the gigantic number of the children that have been affected. Get this during the 1990s, over 1 million us children.
Went through their parents' divorce every year, every year in the 1990s, over a million children went through their parents' divorce and that's according to the us census data. Now, if you add that up in the nineties alone, that's 10 million children. Again, that's just in the us. Just in the 1990s to put that all into context and really understand the magnitude of it, imagine that all those children were placed in a country by themselves.
The population of that country would be the same size as Sweden, Portugal and the Dominican Republic. They all have about 10 million people. According to, to recent data that country with all the children of divorce from the 1990s would actually be larger than Austria, Switzerland in. All those countries have about eight to 9 million people.
And that country with children of divorce would be double the size of Singapore, Denmark, Norway, Costa R. And Ireland, each of those countries has about 5 million people. Another way to understand it for you, Americans listening. Uh, if all those children were placed within a state by themselves with no one else, the population would match Georgia, uh, or North Carolina.
And that state would be twice the size of Colorado. In Minnesota. And again, that's only in the us that doesn't factor in Europe, Asia, uh, India, Africa, Australia, anywhere else in the world. It's just the us. And that's only from 1990 to 1999, not before, not after. And so if we factor all those other children in, we're talking tens of millions to hundreds of millions of children, who've been through.
Their parents' worst. Isn't that crazy? There's just so many of us out there. Now, what they set out to do with this study was actually to update a previous study that was published in 1991, a meta-analysis from 1991, uh, with a focus on the studies that were published in the 1990. So basically they were saying, uh, we wanna look at the studies that are published in the 1990s to see how children of divorce were affected.
By their parents' divorce and they wanted to compare it to, uh, research that they had done on decades in the past. Now, one thing I wanted to say going into this is that, uh, these studies are looking at averages typically, especially these quantitative studies where they're more based on numbers. They don't go as much into detail about.
What happened or why it happened. And so, uh, averages are helpful. They give a good general understanding of a topic, but they're definitely limited, right? It doesn't factor in the outliers. People who maybe are doing better are doing much worse than the average. It really just shows that. If someone goes through their parents' divorce, this is typically what happens, but it obviously doesn't show the individual experience of each child.
It just, again, shows what's most likely to happen. And there certainly is a lot of variation between people who come from broken homes. Some people do much better. Some people do much worse, but on average, that's what this study is looking at now. Now setting out, they thought that there's a few possibilities.
One possibility they said was maybe. We'll see a decline in the negative effects as compared to previous years, previous decades. And one of the supporting ideas for this was that, uh, in a quote, as marital disillusion has become more common people's attitudes toward divorce have become more accepting.
Consequently children with divorced parents may feel less stigmatized. Than in earlier decades, moreover therapeutic interventions for children of divorce have become common during the last two decades. And by interventions, they mean school programs, um, parental courses, uh, that were widely available sometimes even required in certain states and counties.
However, it, it is really not clear and they even say this in the study, if those programs directly benefit the children, uh, but they said that the parents do view them favor. Legally also, there was more mediation that occurred less trial where there, you know, there was intense arguments between the parents and fighting for children and rights and property and things like that.
Mediation, uh, became much more common. Uh, they say which typically results in better compliance. They say by parents with agreements, more parental satisfaction. And less conflict and more cooperating in co-parenting following the separation. And so they, they basically say that all of that may have lowered the amount of stress that children experienced following their parents separation.
And if that's true, again, this is just one of the possibilities that they entertained. Then the gap in wellbeing between children with divorced and continually married parents is likely to have declined. During the last decade. So basically they're saying it should be similar kids with divorce and continually married parents, uh, should be pretty much the same if, if that were the case.
Another possibility that they entertained is that maybe things got worse for children of divorce. Maybe the negative effects, uh, were actually worse and then put a further gap between them and kids who came from intact homes. Professor Mato said recent longitudinal research. Indicates that the effects of divorce on children vary with the level of discord between parents prior to marital disruption.
Before I go on, just wanna explain what longitudinal research means. It's basically a, a study design that involves repeated observations. Of the same people over some period of time, either short or long. So instead of sampling and picking different people, they follow essentially the same people over some period of time.
Professor Mato goes on. He says on one hand when marital conflict is overt, intense, chronic and unresolved children appear to be better off in the long run. If the marriage ends, then if parents remain together, So basically if things are really, really bad at home, like there's abuse, there's violence, there's a threat of death.
Like all that really, really bad stuff. Then the children are gonna be better if the parents aren't together anymore, or of course resolve that situation. He goes on. On the other hand, when parents engage in relatively little overt conflict, children appear to be worse. Following the divorce. So this is a really, really important point that when divorce comes kind of out of the blue or things seem fine to the kids and there's a divorce, it's actually, it can be more damaging.
We're gonna get into what the research says about it. And that was definitely the case with my parents' marriage. There were some real problems there and they had been there for years, but to us kids, they. Didn't seem like a big deal. Uh, we, we didn't have a lot of insight into the issues and really didn't seem like there were many problems in my parents' marriage.
Now, again, they were hidden and they were there, but eventually it just exploded and then they just separated and there's this big dramatic thing that happened that really left a mark on me and my siblings. And so I can say that, especially with the people we've worked with through restored, that, that this is absolutely true.
They go on under these circumstances. Children are likely to view parental separation as an unexpected and inexplicable event that sets into motion, a series of stressful transitions, such as, you know, decline and household income. They, they quote a few other things like losing contact with one parent or maybe moving to a new neighborhood.
Uh, Tons of other examples too, but those are just some that they mention with few or no compensating advantages. Basically there's a lot of bad things that happen and just not a lot of good things that happen. I, in those cases where, uh, there's not much conflict where it's a low conflict situation, even if there are real problems within the marriage, they, they also explain how in the past.
Divorce was more difficult and expensive. So if you wanted to get divorced, you had to go through this maybe lengthy process and it was real expensive and just difficult. Not that it's not expensive. Now, trust me. It is very expensive, but, but you needed to prove that there was a legit reason to get divorced.
And most people as a culture, we, we just didn't believe in divorce. Right? People got divorced of course, but it wasn't as widespread. It wasn't as accepted. It wasn't as supported as it is today. And so the result and in that environment, not saying it was a perfect environment, but, but in that environment, only the most troubled in the most dysfunctional marriages were likely to, to end and divorced.
But, but again, that's changed. It's very different today. And professor Mato says to the extent. That it removed children from a hostile home environ. Many of these divorces, would've benefited children in the long run, but with the introduction of no fault divorce, I'll explain what that means. In a second, the softening of public attitudes toward divorce and the dramatic growth in the number of divorcing couples.
It is likely that the threshold. Of marital unhappiness necessary to trigger a divorce has declined. Okay. So there's a lot there, but when it comes to no fault divorce, a no fault divorce is basically a, a type of divorce where one spouse can file for divorce or both, but they don't have to prove any wrongdoing or any fault on the part of the other.
Spouse. They could just file a divorce for any reason that they want and they can get a divorce. And the most common reason that couples file for divorce by the way, is irreconcilable differences or, uh, also irreparable breakdown of the marriage. And, and by its very nature, a spouse can't fight against that.
A spouse can't say a spouse maybe who wants to fight for their marriage. They wanna work things out, work on the marriage. Uh, they, they can. So basically it's a Trump card. If you say that you wanna get a divorce, there's really nothing that your spouse can do to, to defend against that. And so an example of course, is maybe a husband who, you know, isn't getting along with his wife, they're having some issues.
And let's say that the wife wants to work through it. She wants to fight for the marriage, but maybe that the husband has another woman and he wants to run off with her. He can file for a divorce and the wife can't do anything about it. That's no fault divorce. And of course there's a big debate between, you know, no fault divorce and, uh, divorce, where you have to prove some sort of wrongdoing, but a as a whole today, no fault divorce is the standard.
Based on that fact, that would mean that, uh, an increasing number of divorces are preceded by a modest, rather than a severe level of disc. The study says, indeed longitudinal evidence indicates that a majority of recent divorces are not proceeded by an extended period of overt and intense marital conflict.
And so what they're saying there basically is that these issues. Could be worked out by the spouses. It's not so toxic. It's not so horrible in the marriage where it couldn't be worked out and may be really difficult. Maybe really painful, maybe really, really hard. We're not making light of that at all.
Um, but in these cases, it's not that the dramatic situation that a lot of people, uh, reference when they're talking about divorce. The, the study goes on. Some observers have argued that people often terminate their marriages these days, for reasons that have more to do with personal growth than escaping a destructive marriage.
And again, I just wanna be very clear to everyone listening, those intense, those horrible. Abusive marriages still exist. They're out there. And, and I know people, you know, who have been through that or, or maybe their parent is really abusive and, and my heart just breaks for spouses in those situations.
It breaks for the children in those situations. And we've always taken the stance at restored that in those cases, the spouse and the children need to get to. Like they absolutely should separate in those situations from the spouse who's causing all the trouble, the safety of the spouse and the children are very, very important.
But like I said before, the goal is to heal the marriage. It's to fix the reason for the separation and bring the family back together. And again, we're not naive. We know that in a lot of cases, that's not possible, but man, it is surely not happening today. It's not happening as much as it could or should.
Where, you know, we bring the spouses and the family back together. And when we talk about marriage, those of you who are religious, of course, you, you have more of a, a deeper understanding of marriage being a lifelong commitment. And that's what we believe are restored. That, that marriage is much deeper than some legal contract that the vows that the spouses make to each other at the wedding, uh, go much deeper than any contract than any legal document.
Other, I say it is by its nature. The marriage. Cannot be contained within a piece of paper. And unless there's a reason that the marriage was invalid. At the point where the vows were made, the vows were made for life. Now, I know marriage vows at weddings have changed over the years, but the, the, the traditional marriage vows, the, the real marriage vows, uh, promise faithfulness for life, it was very explicit.
In the marriage vows and a big reason for that. There's a lot to talk about there and we're gonna do more episodes on this. We'll be producing more content on this topic, but a reason for that, a huge reason for that was because that's what was best for the children. It wasn't just some, you know, religious idea.
It wasn't just some thing that, uh, society wanted. It was that when the parents are married, When the family is United, the kids do better in life. And again, we'll be talking about this more in the future. I don't mean to skip over this. This is a really important topic, but it's something that, that needed to be said.
So professor motto goes on and says, consequently, The type of disruptions that children find, especially distressing may represent an increasing proportion of all divorces. Again, those divorces where the spouses could get through it, they could work it out. It's not so dramatic and abusive that they can't, but they don't, they choose not to.
And so they basically conclude that based on that reason. Children whose parents are getting divorced for reasons, aside from the violence and abuse are the ones who are suffering even more. Now, it doesn't mean that the other children aren't suffering the divorce can still have a negative effect on them.
But when you compare it to the situation that they're living in today, well, maybe they're being abused or there's violence, things like that. Or maybe they even at the threat of death in those situations, of course is better for the child to be out of that scenario. But even in those cases, it it's, again, it's still a tragedy.
It's always a tragedy. It's always something that that's really difficult to go through. Like I mentioned, at the start of the show, it's like an amputation, right? We never say that an amputation of, of a limb of an arm of a leg is a good thing in itself, but it's sometimes unavoidable. You know, maybe we need to save the life of the person because they're bleeding out or whatever issue.
We have to take the arm. We have to take off the leg and I know bloody example, but, um, you got the idea. And so divorce, I would say is the same. We never call good in itself, but in some cases it may be unavoidable. And again, the, the status of the marriage. The vows that the spouse has made. They're a separate topic altogether, which we've talked about in the show.
Um, but what we'll touch on again in the future. Now, another possibility that they looked at for any changes in the gap between children of divorce and children of from intact families, is that the gap. Between those children could actually be getting bigger because it's so good for children who live in an intact family to, to have two parents, even for economic reasons.
And, and they go on to explain this. They said during the 1990s, the us economy expanded unemployment, went down the percentage of wives and mothers in the workforce. And the labor force increase and wages rose, especially for women, the benefits of economic growth, however were not distributed equal. Among families, the family group that experienced the largest rise in income during the 1990s consisted of married couples with both spouses.
In the paid labor force in contrast, single parent families experience a deterioration in economic resources during the 1990s. And so there's a lot there, but just to say that, of course divorce is financially. So damaging to, to a family because of course, mom and dad are going separate ways. Maybe, uh, you know, mom was working and dad wasn't, her dad was working and mom wasn't.
And so now mom needs to figure out what she's gonna do, or dad needs to figure out what he's gonna do and, you know, living expenses just double. And so there's all sorts of bad things that happen, you know, that it's obvious. Um, but basically what they're saying in this case is family income. It it's a big predictor of other healthy outcomes in children's lives.
And so it's possible that the children whose parents were continually married may have advanced, uh, more creating a bigger gap between them. And the children of divorce. And so one thing they said is it's possible that the children with married parents went forward. Not necessarily that the children of divorce went backwards, but because the children with married parents went forward, that the gap is bigger.
And so J just to summarize all of that, they basically said that observable differences, uh, may have shifted during the 1990s on various metrics due to a few different things. And I mentioned some of them, they said, One studies could have become more sophisticated in detecting the differences between the children of divorce and the children from in intact families.
Uh, like I mentioned, divorce, uh, became more acceptable. They, they mentioned that more therapeutic and legal interventions, more help for families became available. Uh, though personally, I question, you know, whether those things that they came up with were actually helpful to the children, um, based on, you know, the number of people that we worked.
Restored who who've been through a lot of that who are still very much so affected next that the decline in the level of marital discord that precedes the separation and then the growing economic equality that I just mentioned between children with married parents and children with separated parents.
Now, an important note here is they're focused on the observable. Differences, especially looking at it through like a quantitative lens. And what I mean by that is if they could put numbers to it and the, the truth is, and that's one of the limitations of these studies, is that not all of the differences, not in all the negative effects on the children can be observed, especially when they're younger.
And so if, if you read this. Study, uh, you'll get an idea of the limitation of these types of study and they really don't get into all the details. Like I mentioned before now, based on the people that we've worked with through ReSTOR, the research that we've read, uh, we've learned that people who come from broken homes, children of divorce, often that they don't say much or express how their parents broken marriage or the divorce.
Has affected them. They just kind of keep it to themselves for a lot of reasons. But a few of them, one, they just don't wanna rock the boat. There's been so much drama already. They would, they don't wanna cause more issues. And so they just keep their mouth shut. They don't wanna hurt their parents too, because saying that, Hey mom, dad, The problems in your marriage, that the divorce that you just got, it really affected me.
That can be really hard to say to your mom or true your dad. And so a lot of times we just keep our mouth shut. It's also difficult to talk about it's painful to talk about. And so it's very possible that we just hold it in and don't talk about it. Even when people try to encourage us to talk about it.
And then also it can just become so normal, right? Because life is this way now. And so it, we may not really know anything else that this is just the life that we've dealt with for the last so many years. And so this is just normal. So a lot of different reasons why children, no divorce don't talk. And so I would guess that some of those, um, observable differences were limited because of that reason, because children are divorced.
Maybe weren't willing to talk about it. And I should say too, that when they were looking at the differences between the two groups, they wanted to see if gender, uh, or age played any. And I'll get into that in a second. Okay. So the studies that they looked at, I mentioned there were 67 different studies and there were two criteria, uh, that the studies had to meet in order to be included.
One, it had to include a sample of children who were living with a parent who was single because of divorce. Right? It's not because of a spouse died or something like that. And, and to my knowledge, it doesn't include situations where, uh, the, the couple, the parents were living together, but they. Legally married.
And so that opens another can of worms and a huge group of people. But in this case they're not studying them. Uh, the, the second group of course, is children living with continually married parents. The, the second criteria was that, uh, the studies had to report data on at least one child outcome. Uh, that can be basically measured in one of those five areas that I mentioned, show some sort of a gap or a lack thereof.
Now you may be wondering what ages did this study focus on? Basically they focus on preschool to college age, and so adult children of divorce were not accounted in this. However, they did, like I mentioned, include college students. And so basically college students and younger, and they broke them into five areas.
The first area preschool. Second primary school or, or grade school or elementary schools, we call it in the states, third secondary school or high schools, we call it here. And then another group, another level they broke into was mixed between primary and secondary schools. There were some studies that, that looked at both of them together.
And then of course, like I mentioned, college students. So those are the five areas. Now a really, really important note here from the research of Dr. Judith Waller sign, she was at the university of California, Berkeley. She studied children of divorce for years and years and years, and she, she published her findings of a 25 year long study.
And the name of it is called the unexpected legacy of divorce. Some of you may have heard of it or even read it. And what she says in that book is that, uh, the biggest effects, the biggest negative effects from our parents' divorce actually aren't experienced. Until adulthood, perhaps in college, right?
Because college students are adults, but, but even further on in twenties, thirties, forties, and so on. And so if you keep that in mind, when we're looking at this research, Even if there are negative effects in the children's lives, it may have not all come to fruition yet. Like there may be more waiting to come to the surface than did when they were younger.
So like I mentioned, the researchers focus on five different areas. The first one was academic achievement and the way that they measured that was through standardized tests, grades, uh, ratings from teachers or parents about school achievement. And then also they looked at kids dropping out of high. So that's academic achievement.
The second area was conduct and conduct basically means their behavior, the child's behavior, their aggression, their delinquency, they say. And so, you know, did the kid get in trouble and on and on. And so that second area again is conduct. The third area. Third category is psychological. An emotional adjustment.
And what they're looking at here is depression, anxiety, and then just the general happiness of the child. So that's psychological and emotional adjustment, number three, number four self concept. And what they mean by this is basically self-esteem how the kids sees themselves. And then also confidence.
How confident are they? And so that's number four, that's self concept. And lastly, five. Social relations. So looking at things like popularity, cooperativeness, like do they get along with other kids and also the quality of their friendships that the peer relationships. And so that's number five, social relations.
Now, an interesting thing in past studies that this professor done professor Mato. He also looked at the parent child relationship, the relationship between the mom and the child or the dad and the child. Um, but for this study, they excluded that for some reason, it's not clear why they did, but they, they took that.
And one important thing to note that they state in this study is that all their findings, all their statistics went through rigorous testing. So they have a very high degree of reliability on these results. And so getting into those results, I first need to say that that the researchers gave the least amount of attention to children who were in preschool.
So typically preschool is like, Two years old to, to four or five years old. And so they barely gave them attention. There was an increase of focus on college students. Uh, but most of all, they said that the focus in these studies was on children in primary school. And also just to make this statistically accurate that they controlled for Prevo factors, they call it, uh, that the children were already experiencing.
So basically they wanted to know how. The divorce affected the kids, like what was the direct impact the divorce itself had on the children? So, so that's a huge footnote. So for example, if the kid was acting out, he was really angry, aggressive, uh, before the divorce. And then after the divorce, he, he was still aggressive.
Then they wouldn't have factored that into the, the study as an effect of divorce. It would've just said the kid was that way. Maybe, you know, it was due to the disruption at home, but it wasn't due to the divorce itself and the subsequent effects of the divorce. Okay. So of those 67 studies, they were able to make 177 separate comparisons because some of the studies looked at different things and they, they measured different results.
And so what they found. Was that 88%, almost 90% of those comparisons were negative. Basically the children of divorce, um, were measured worse off and 42% of those were negative and significant meaning they were, were statistically different enough to say this is significant. And so basically that confirmed that there's still a.
Between children of divorce and children with continuously married parents in areas of achievement, adjustment, and wellbeing. That's, that's how they say it. Now, professor Mato admits that, that he could have missed, uh, certain studies. He, he may have failed to locate some studies that were published in the 1990s on children of divorce.
He did also purposely. Not include studies that weren't published. And so to, to kind of statistically account for that, they added what's called a fail safe variable. And what that means in playing English is basically that they looked at how many studies that they could have possibly missed, uh, would be needed in order to show that divorce did not have a negative of impact on the children.
So basically they needed this many studies to override the, the results that found. Divorce is not good for the children. And, and what they've found is that there would need to be an additional 1,745 studies of academic achievement. Um, basically all with results that show that divorce does not negatively impact the children when it comes to academic achievement and, and some of the other metrics.
And so the, the conclusion then is. The larger population from which these samples were drawn. They say children with divorced parents scored lower than children with continuously married parents. Like I mentioned, they looked at the role that gender played in this as well. And they said, do boys or girls experience more negative effects than the other?
But what they found was the center finding. They said, therefore is that the divorce is associated with a range of poor outcomes among children. Irrespective of gender. So basically boys and girls were affected basically the same. Now, when it comes to age, they looked at this as well. And again, they focus on two categories in this regard, when they were looking at the, how age played as a factor, whether children were negatively affected or, or not.
And so they looked at primary school and secondary school. So, and part of the reason for that was when it came to preschool, there were actually. Too few samples to look at. And then when it came between a mix between primary and secondary schools, with those studies that looked at both at the same time, it was actually too difficult to interpret the, the data on that variable, the, the variable of age.
So basically what they found is that the younger kids, the kids in primary schools struggled more than the kids in high school or in secondary school. Now on the flip side, they found when it came to psychological adjustment, like I mentioned, anxiety, depression, things like that. That the, it was actually weaker.
So, so kids who were younger in primary school, for example, uh, were less likely to deal with that than kids who were in secondary school. So basically in plain English, as they got older, when it came to psychological adjustment, things got worse. They go on the explanation for this apparent discrepancy is not clear.
One possibility is that it is easier to measure psychological adjustment among adolescents than younger children. However, Adolescence with serious academic problems. Unlike younger children may drop out of school, leading to what they call weaker effect sizes, meaning leading to a less of a gap when it comes to academic achievement, between people who come from broken homes and people who come from, uh, intact families.
So, so basically what, what they're saying is that it's harder to measure. Psychological adjustment in younger kids. It's easier to do that in older kids. When it comes to academics, though, there, there could be a bigger pool to look at when the kids are younger, because they don't really have a choice, whether they say in school or not.
But when it comes to the older kids, they actually have a choice that can drop out of school. And if they do, then we wouldn't be measuring them and comparing them, uh, with people who come from intact family. They basically tie it up by saying it's difficult to interpret these results, uh, because the data reflect children's ages at the time of data collection rather than children's ages at the time of parental separation.
And that's just a huge flaw. I think, in, in all these studies is that in most of the studies, they didn't collect the age of the children. When the parents actually separated, they just collected the date either when they, um, studied the children or when the study was published. And so the researchers naturally didn't know if the divorce had happened maybe really recently for high school students or if, uh, the divorce had happened years prior, but the long term effects were starting to come out.
They were starting to accumulate. And so what they determined for the most part age didn't really matter that the negative effects were present in, in every age group. Uh, though they may have come out in different ways. So back to the original point where they were looking to compare. The children of divorce in the 1990s with earlier decades, like the eighties, the seventies and so on.
And what they concluded was that the data suggests the gap in psychological and emotional adjustment between children with divorce and continuously married parents was wider in the 1990s than at any earlier time. And so basically they say children of divorce from the 1990s, their parents got divorced in the 1990s.
They were actually worse off. then children, uh, whose parents got divorced in years prior that there was a bigger gap between them. The children are divorced and people, children who came from intact families. Now, even having said that, that they did find that there were consistent results in this study.
With previous studies and they, they, they explain, they say in the 1990s, as an earlier decades, research indicated that children with divorced parents scored significantly lower than children with continuously married parents on a variety of measured of achievement, adjustment, and wellbeing. The, the next point they make is that boys and girls are affected very similarly.
Like I mentioned, it doesn't really matter. Uh, one exception though, they did mention is that boys had more conduct or behavioral problems than girls typically. Uh, but overall, you know, both suffered similar disadvantages. Uh, another point they make is that the, the sophistication of the studies didn't close the gap, uh, between children with divorced parents and children with, uh, parents who are continuously married.
Remember when they set out, they thought one of the possibilities is that studies. That are more sophisticated, typically show less of a gap. And the studies that were performed in the 1990s were more sophisticated than the studies that were performed in, in years prior. And so their, their assumption was that the gap between children of divorce and children of intact families would be much closer that now in the 1990s than it was in the past to quote them directly given the fact that studies became more methodologically sophisticated during the 1990.
And given that more methodologically, sophisticated studies tend to yield relatively modest effect size. It follows that studies in the 1990s should produce smaller effect sizes than studies conducted in the earlier decades. Again, just what I said, that there would be less of a gap between children of divorce and children from intact families.
They go on to. But this was not the case. Wow. So there was still a strong difference between children who came from intact families and children who came from divorced families. So, so looking at the reasons for this, this bigger gap than in years prior, they, uh, named a few things. They said, one reason is basically the, the shift in the nature of marital disillusion.
We already talked about that, how it's easier to get divorced these days. And so people are getting divorced, even in cases where, uh, you know, things. Really intense, really bad. They're just getting divorced for other reasons. And that has more of a negative effect on the children. A, another reason, of course, like I mentioned before, was the economic reason.
They, they thought that really had a big impact on the children. If they came from a family where both parents were working or, you know, even if one parent was working, there were other dynamics that were really healthy and good for them. And, uh, and so those kids, because of the, uh, economic prosperity of the 1990s, Those kids could have pulled further ahead benefiting from, uh, that prosperity.
Whereas the kids who came from broken homes wouldn't have benefited as much and therefore there would be a bigger gap. Another kind of shocking funding was that the, the decline for children of divorce happened. Regardless of certain efforts to help them. And, and the, the study says the apparent decline in the relative wellbeing of children with divorced parents during the last decade, during the 1990s, this shift occurred in spite of the growth of school base interventions for children, parenting classes for divorcing parents and divorce media.
Basically we're saying it didn't really have that much of an effect. However, they, they, they do go on to say that this conclusion does not mean that the spread of therapeutic and legal interventions hasn't benefited the children at all. It, it only means that other social forces have operated even more strongly to disadvantage children from divorce families.
And so again, and then not to overstate what I said before. It's possible that these programs have been good and a lot of them have been good. Um, but the negative impacts may have ratcheted it up. They might have gotten more intense. So even if these interventions did help, which in some cases they probably didn, in other cases, they didn't, um, it, it could have outweighed the help that people were trying to provide these children.
And, and they also admit in this research, some of the other limitations, which I touched on before, but basically they said we need to get more in depth research on children of divorce. And since then there has been, and we'll be exploring them more on this show. And just throughout restored as a whole.
Now they close the study by talking about the implications for practitioners and by practitioners, of course, we mean. Counselors therapists, um, lawyers, judges, people who are impacting the lives of these children. So if that's you, if you're listening right now, um, it's really important to hear this. And even to, to dive into some of this research yourself, they say, although marital disillusion has become normative in American culture, practitioners should be aware that children with divorced parents as a.
Continue to fare more poorly than children with continuously married parents. So just restating what we already talked about. And, and just to, again, summarize I say in particular, children with divorced parents achieve lower levels of success at school are more poorly behaved. Exhibit more behavioral and emotional problems have lower self-esteem experience, more difficulties in interpersonal relationships.
Again, they reiterate that something's getting worse. Like children of divorce are doing worse off in the 1990s than they did in prior years. I think I love this quote. This next quote is just so spot on. He says practitioners working. With divorcing families or children with single parents, therefore should not underestimate the extent to which family disruption continues to represent a risk factor for a range of undesirable child outcomes.
Basically, the divorce is bad for them. Don't underestimate it. This, this really is affecting them, but they say, and I want to emphasize this too, cuz this whole episode could probably be kind of depressing. It's intriguing for sure. But uh, there is some hope and, and they go on to say, The adjustment of children following divorce depends on a variety of factors, including the level of conflict between parents before and after the separation.
The quality of parenting from both the custodial and the non-custodial parent, the one living with the children. One who's not changes in the child's standard of living. And the number of additional stressors to which children are exposed such as moving or changing schools. And so basically parents especially have a huge, huge role in negating some of these negative effects.
And it doesn't mean that they can remove them all together, but they can really. Help their children to, to cope, to heal, to grow, uh, through this whole really messy and difficult and painful process. Now that doesn't mean they're gonna be able to wipe away the negative effects of divorce. No, it's not possible, but they, they can have a big hand in helping their children.
They go on to say that knowledge of group averages, therefore cannot predict how a particular child will adjust to family disruption. So that's what I mentioned before, how these averages, they just say what's most likely to happen, but there's a lot of different variables that, that impact the individual children.
They go on to say, nevertheless, The persisting and apparently increasing gap between children with divorce and continuously married parents suggests the continuing importance of developing and evaluating therapeutic and educational programs for divorcing families. We can agree more. That's why resort exists to help young people, teenagers, and young adults who come from broken homes where their parents are separated.
Their parents are divorced, or maybe because there is some overlap, there's just in a really, really ugly, messy family. Like the marriage is just a mess. And so that's why we exist. We wanna be one of those resources and really there's almost nothing. I mean, there's resources here and there on local levels, but there's nothing like restore there really isn't.
That is trying to provide the help that we're trying to provide. And so, uh, we are so pumped that this study just kind of affirms the fact that we need to exist. There needs to be more help for people who come from broken homes in closing out. They say that closer ties between practitioners and researchers will be necessary to formula.
Effective strategies for minimizing the disruptive effects of marital disillusion on children. Now, why not? Of course having said all that, why don't we go to the root cause the, the study doesn't mention this, but, but we wanna mention it. Why don't we prevent divorces from happening in the first place?
And that's really, our vision and resort is to reverse the cycle of divorce by helping young people heal. And the reason that's so important is this hurt people, hurt people. Children divorce are more likely statistically to get divorce. We, we typically just repeat what we saw in our parents' marriage.
It's really sad. It's depressing and it's scary for people like us. And so we wanna prevent that, but to do that, we really need to heal because aside from really bad, you know, vices in our life. That the thing that really holds us back from living the life that we want from thriving, from becoming the best version of ourselves is the untreated trauma is the untreated brokenness.
And so we really need to address that so that we don't just pass it on to our kids and to our spouse and end up in a really messy broken marriage. And so we believe that if we can help young people heal, help young people become virtuous, they're gonna go on and they're gonna build. Good solid marriages, which we also want help with.
And from that, they'll be good parents they'll form, you know, good solid families. And it's those families that are going to transform our culture. So we're betting everything on that. Like that is the vision that that's the reality that we're trying to bring about. And so thank you so much for, for listening and for, for being a part of this, being a part of restored, your support just just means the world.
And so I, I hope this episode has been helpful. I hope it's been insightful showing what the research has to say. On this topic of how divorce affects the children. Uh, we're gonna be bringing more content like this in the future. Uh, not just focusing on the problem, but also on the solution as well. And so just thank you so much for being along for the ride.
Uh, if you believe what we believe, if you believe that this message needs to get out, that more people need help like this, that the millions of children of divorce, uh, shouldn't be neglected. I, if you want a hand in this, and I know a lot of you have reached out to us and. How can I help? I wanna help.
You've been so generous. Uh, if you wanna help, a really practical thing that you can do is make a small donation. Uh, it doesn't have to be a hundred or $200. It can be small, it can be $20. It can be $5. And that the monthly donations, the small monthly donations are one way that you can support this podcast so that we can keep making.
Content, uh, for you, for people who come from broken homes, for people who love or lead them. And so those monthly donations are huge. Uh, we're bringing on team members, we're growing, we're, we're laying out future projects. We're gonna be putting on more content if you're on our email list, uh, you'll be hearing more about that, but to, to grow.
Uh, we need money. And so if, if you believe in this, if you think that this has a lot of potential, then we need you. We need you to come alongside of us and to partner with us. It's not just given some money and, and us doing the rest. No, it's really you becoming a partner in this mission. We need you. And so, uh, if you would, if you wanna donate, if you wanna support the show, uh, go to restored ministry.com/donate again, that's restored ministry.com/.
Donate and ministry is just singular. And on that page, um, just choose the amount that you wanna donate and then the frequency, and you can make a one time gift, or you can make a monthly gift. And like I said, the monthly gifts are hugely helpful for us. Uh, from a business standpoint, because we need to know how much revenue, how much money we're bringing in each month.
So we know how many people we can hire, you know, what sort of projects we can do. And so if you would do a monthly donation, that would be fantastic. Again, it doesn't have to be a hundred dollars a month. It can be, uh, $20 a month, if you can do that, but it could even be $5 a month if that's all you can offer.
And so we're super grateful for whatever you can do. Those donations make this work. And again, we'll be coming out with more info, uh, about how you can support restored as well. But if you would donate today, we'd be so grateful and it would help us reach more people who come from broken homes. Again, you could donate@restoredministry.com slash donate, and we'll put the link in the show notes too.
If you wanna just click on that to donate the resources mentioned during the show notes@restoredministry.com slash 33. Again, restored ministry.com/. Three. Thank you so much for listening. If this has been helpful for you, please subscribe, share this with someone that, that you know, who could use it. And guys, thank you.
Thank you so much for again, your support and for being here, listening, uh, sharing feedback on how helpful this has been for you. We really appreciate, and always remember you are not alone. We're here to help you feel whole again and become the person that you were born to be.
